A denial of service vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed an unauthenticated attacker to cause excessive CPU consumption and exhaust the pool of request-handling worker processes by sending a crafted form-encoded HTTP POST request containing deeply nested parameters. Because request parameters were parsed before routing and authentication, any POST endpoint could be used to trigger the condition, which could render the instance unresponsive. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.21 and was fixed in versions 3.20.3, 3.19.7, 3.18.10, and 3.17.16.

boringproxy through 0.10.0 contains a newline injection vulnerability that allows authenticated low-privileged users with tunnel-creation permission to inject arbitrary lines into the server account's SSH authorized_keys file by supplying a percent-encoded newline character in the domain parameter of the tunnel creation endpoint. Attackers can insert an unrestricted public key entry into authorized_keys to gain persistent shell access, and subsequently read cleartext credentials from the database file including all user tokens, tunnel private keys, and TLS certificates.

IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.3 allows users to read arbitrary files from the server filesystem, including other users' uploaded documents, the JWT signing secret, the SQLite database, and process environment variables, by sending a crafted MCP `resources/read` request with a URL-encoded path traversal sequence in the filename.

The Independent Analytics plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 404 not_found_url tracking parameter in versions up to, and including, 2.15.0. This is due to the get_cell_content() function applying urldecode() after esc_url() when rendering the URL column for 404 entries — a sequence that allows percent-encoded HTML to pass URL validation and then be reconstructed as raw markup, which wp_kses_post() does not strip because it retains img elements and data-* attributes, and because the public REST endpoint /iawp/search accepts unauthenticated requests as long as they carry a signature that is itself embedded in public page HTML. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.

The NASA-AMMOS Asynchronous Network Management System (ANMS) reference implementation's default docker-compose.yml publishes the amp-manager service's REST API directly to the host network interface (port 8089, e.g. "${ION_MGR_PORT:-8089}:8089/tcp") with cap_add: NET_ADMIN, NET_RAW, SYS_NICE, bypassing the CAM (Configuration and Access Manager) gateway that is otherwise the system's sole authentication boundary. The underlying REST server, implemented with CivetWeb in JHUAPL/dtnma-tools (src/refdm/nm_rest.c), is configured with enable_auth_domain_check set to "no" and registers every route, including the DTNMA agent command-dispatch endpoints (.../agents/{eid|idx}/send, which accept and forward EXECSET-encoded command sets to a registered DTNMA agent), with a null authentication callback. Any network-reachable client can therefore enumerate registered agents, submit arbitrary command sets to them, and clear stored reports, entirely without credentials. This affects NASA-AMMOS/anms and JHUAPL-DTNMA/dtnma-tools as published; both repositories present this as a reference/ground DTN network-management implementation and testbed, and the affected components communicate with DTNMA agents (which may represent simulated or real spacecraft/ground nodes depending on deployment) rather than being flight software running onboard a spacecraft.

Mautic's getLeadIdsByFieldValueAction (LeadBundle/Controller/AjaxController.php) reads a field parameter from the request, sanitizes it only with InputHelper::clean() (which HTML-entity-encodes quotes and angle brackets but does not restrict other characters), and passes it into LeadRepository::buildQueryForGetLeadsByFieldValue() where it is concatenated directly as a raw SQL column identifier ($col = 'l.'.$field) rather than being validated against a whitelist of real column names or passed as a bound parameter. Since Doctrine cannot parameterize identifiers, and the sanitizer does not block spaces, parentheses, or other SQL-relevant characters, an attacker can inject SQL via the field name itself. The action requires only a valid session (any authenticated user), unlike sibling actions in the same controller that carry additional permission checks.

Miantang/IoT-PHP's index.php implements a POST /userlogin route that reads the password directly from $_POST['pwd'] with no sanitization and concatenates it into a raw SQL string: mysql_query("select * from userlists where username='$username' and password='$password' limit 1"). The username value is passed through htmlspecialchars(), which does not encode single quotes by default and therefore does not prevent SQL injection through the password field. An unauthenticated attacker can submit a payload such as pwd=' OR '1'='1 to bypass authentication and, via UNION-based injection, extract arbitrary data from the database.

Grocy's API request-body parser (controllers/Api/BaseApiController.php, GetParsedAndFilteredRequestBody) purifies incoming field values with HTMLPurifier, then manually reverses HTML-entity encoding of the resulting output by replacing &amp;lt;, &amp;gt;, and &amp;amp; back to <, >, and & immediately after purification. This double-decode reconstructs live HTML/script tags from the entity-encoded form that HTMLPurifier produced to neutralize them, re-introducing stored XSS across API-writable fields (products, recipes, stock, users, chores, and others) that are rendered elsewhere without re-sanitization.

IOTSmartHome's gui/login.php checkCookie() function builds an authentication query as SELECT * FROM users WHERE ID='<decoded lastLogin cookie>' after base64-decoding the client-supplied lastLogin cookie via safe_decode(), which performs URL-safe base64 decoding with no sanitization of the decoded value before it is concatenated into the SQL string. An unauthenticated attacker can set a lastLogin cookie containing a base64-encoded SQL injection payload (e.g. base64("' OR '1'='1")) to bypass authentication and, via UNION-based injection, extract arbitrary data including user credentials.

In Eclipse Theia versions 1.66.0 and up until including 1.73.1, the `@theia/plugin-ext` backend exposes the `/hostedPlugin/:pluginId/:path(*)` HTTP endpoint, which resolves the requested file path with `path.resolve(localPath, filePath)` without verifying that the resolved path stays within the plugin's directory. An unauthenticated network attacker can send percent-encoded `../` sequences (`%2e%2e%2f`) that decode into the path parameter and escape the plugin directory, allowing arbitrary files readable by the Theia backend process to be retrieved. Plugin IDs are derived deterministically from a plugin's publisher and name, so built-in plugins serve as reliable anchors that require no prior knowledge of the target system.

The Backup Migration plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to OS Command Injection in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.5.1 due to insufficient sanitization of the `file` POST parameter on the `restoreBackup()` AJAX handler. The handler applies `esc_attr()` — an HTML-context sanitizer that does not strip shell metacharacters — and concatenates the result, unquoted, into a `php-cli -f … bmi_restore <file> <remote>` command passed to `exec()`. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Administrator-level access (or any user granted the plugin's `do_backups` capability) and above, to execute arbitrary OS commands as the web-server user, bypassing WordPress hardening constants such as `DISALLOW_FILE_EDIT` and `DISALLOW_FILE_MODS` that would otherwise prevent code execution from the admin UI. This is an incomplete fix of CVE-2023-7002, which patched the same pattern only in the `$_POST['url']` path of `handleQuickMigration()`; the equivalent mitigations (`rawurlencode()` + explicit shell-metachar replacement + double-quoting in `exec()`) were never applied to `$backupName`.

audiobookshelf's authentication-exemption check (server/routers/Auth.js) matches unauthenticated-allowed GET routes against req.path via a regex requiring a literal /items/:id/cover or /authors/:id/image shape, where req.path retains %2F sequences URL-encoded. Express's router decodes the :id route parameter before handler code runs, so a %2F-encoded '../' sequence in :id (e.g. ..%2f..%2f..%2ftmp%2fpwned) passes the literal-path auth-exemption check while resolving to a real path-traversal payload once decoded. CacheManager.handleCoverCache then joins this decoded value into a cache file path and streams the result before any database-backed ownership check. This bypasses the fix applied for CVE-2025-25205 (which anchored the exemption regex and switched it to req.path) and results in unauthenticated arbitrary file read of any file matching the pattern *_<width>[x<height>].<ext> that the service account can read.

The plugin provides an Admin Search page that allows users with the `edit_posts` capability to run Relevanssi searches from the WordPress dashboard. The AJAX handler accepts a URL-encoded `args` parameter, parses it into a `WP_Query`, and then passes user-controlled taxonomy query data into Relevanssi's taxonomy restriction builder. The taxonomy value is sanitized as text but is not parameterized for SQL before being interpolated into a term taxonomy lookup query. This allows an authenticated contributor-level attacker to inject SQL through the Admin Search AJAX request and execute time-based blind SQL injection against the WordPress database.

OpenSIPS is a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) server implementation. Versions 3.4.0-beta through 3.6.5 and 4.0.0-beta contain a buffer overflow in the {s.b64encode} string transformation. The size check for {s.b64encode} only verifies that the input fits within the 64 KB transformation buffer, but base64 encoding expands the data by roughly a third, so an input between about 49,153 and 65,535 bytes produces more output than the buffer can hold and overflows it by up to 21,844 bytes. Because these transformation buffers sit next to each other in memory and are reused for chained transformations, the overflow writes attacker-controlled data into the adjacent buffer and corrupts values used by later transformations processing the same SIP message. A remote attacker can trigger this by sending a SIP message with a large header value (roughly 50,000 bytes or more) when the routing script applies  {s.b64encode}  to attacker-controlled input, making exploitability dependent on the deployment's routing configuration. This issue has been fixed in versions 3.6.6 and 4.0.0-rc1.

MaxSite CMS 109.5 and earlier contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the AJAX dispatcher that allows unauthenticated attackers to access admin-gated endpoints by supplying any X-Requested-With header and requesting a base64-encoded path resolving to any *-ajax.php file in the codebase. Attackers can exploit this dispatcher bypass to reach privileged plugin endpoints without credentials, enabling actions such as manipulating poll states and vote counts, and amplifying the impact of any dangerous operation performed by admin-only ajax files across the plugin tree.

SnailJob 1.7.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability in the FuryUtil.deserialize helper that allows authenticated attackers to crash the server by supplying a crafted Zstandard-compressed payload with an inflated frame_content_size field in the frame header. Attackers can store a base64-encoded Zstandard payload declaring an arbitrarily large decompressed size in a retry task argument, causing the JVM to attempt an unbounded array allocation and triggering an unrecoverable java.lang.OutOfMemoryError when the task is dispatched through the retry-task pipeline.

An issue was discovered in Django 5.2 before 5.2.17 and 6.0 before 6.0.8. GeoDjango's `django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` is subject to a potential denial-of-service when parsing deeply nested `GEOMETRYCOLLECTION` objects supplied as well-known text (WKT), well-known binary (WKB), or hex-encoded WKB, which triggers unbounded recursion and a segmentation fault in the underlying GEOS library. Spatial field lookups and the `django.contrib.gis.forms.GeometryField` form field are also affected. Earlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected. Django would like to thank Andrew MacPherson and kimchunbok_ for reporting this issue.

OpenCode Studio before 2.4.4 contains a missing authentication vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read arbitrary files within the temp and static/music directories by directly accessing the GET /api/tmp/:tmpFile and GET /api/music/:fileName endpoints. Attackers can retrieve intermediate audio, video artifacts, and subtitles belonging to other users' jobs, and additionally delete any video by ID through the unauthenticated DELETE /api/short-video/:videoId endpoint.

In Eclipse Jetty, the Digest authentication server-side component uses ISO-8859-1 to encode the password as bytes. This was done because the initial specification for HTTP did not specify explicitly a charset, and it was assumed to be ISO-8859-1 for historical reasons. If the password contains characters that cannot be represented in ISO-8859-1, they are silently replaced by `?`. This happens with passwords that contain Chinese, Cyrillic or Greek characters, for example: `αβ123` converts to `??123`. An attacker can send a request with a digest `Authorization` header crafted with a password made of only `?` characters; the server would match any password of the same length that contains non-ISO-8859-1 characters. Recent HTTP Digest [RFC-7616](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7616) supports a `charset` parameters that defaults to UTF-8 that allows for correct encoding/decoding of passwords.

Microweber CMS through 2.0.20 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the content tagging system that allows admin-authenticated attackers to inject arbitrary JavaScript by submitting malicious payloads via the tag_names parameter of the GET /api/save_content_admin endpoint, bypassing three independent sanitization controls including XSS middleware that ignores GET requests, a strip_unsafe() function that only matches double-quoted onerror attributes, and a titlecase normalizer that passes HTML decimal entity-encoded payloads through unchanged. Attackers can store malicious scripts that execute without user interaction for every visitor to the public blog page and within the admin post editor, enabling session riding through same-origin fetch requests using the CSRF token embedded in the page.

Apache NiFi 1.5.0 through 2.10.0 support gzip-encoded HTTP requests for the application REST API using a Jersey encoding filter. The framework enforced a configurable maximum request size on the compressed payload rather than the decompressed output, allowing a malicious client to send crafted requests that could consume excessive amounts of memory. Upgrading to Apache NiFi 2.11.0 is the recommended mitigation, which relocates response compression to Jetty Server and disables decompression of gzip-encoded HTTP requests.

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Ouroboros is a local-first runtime for AI coding agents that records their actions and applies user-defined policies to constrain behavior. In versions prior to 0.39.0, if a user clones a malicious repository and runs Ouroboros commands within that directory, it can lead to arbitrary code execution and potential system takeover. The vulnerability stems from Ouroboros loading the .env file from the current working directory. Execution-affecting environment variables such as OUROBOROS_CLI_PATH, OPENCODE_CLI_PATH, and other backend selectors are accepted directly from this local .env. An attacker can include a malicious script in the repository and point the CLI path variable to it (e.g., OUROBOROS_CLI_PATH=./malicious_script.sh). When the user executes a command like ouroboros init or any command that instantiates the adapter, the malicious script is executed instead of the intended CLI. This issue has been fixed in version 0.39.0.